Many cultures recognize the importance of gut health — but recently it’s attracted the attention of the medical world as well. Scientists are now discovering that the gut may influence our thinking, behavior, and even mental well-being. The state of our insides could in fact shape the way we interact with the outside world.
Gateway To The Brain?
The gastrointestinal tract contains about 500 million neurons, as many as are in the spinal cord. Called the “second brain” by Dr. Michael Gershon, the GI tract houses the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS contains many of the same neurotransmitters as the brain, including 95 percent of serotonin, the “feel-good” neurotransmitter, as well as neurons and proteins. The gut has a “mind” of its own, and it may be as powerful as the one in your head.
Linking the central nervous system and the ENS is the vagus (“wandering”) nerve, a two-way street between the brain and abdomen. Most signals do not travel from the head to the gut, but from the gut to the head. About 90 percent of messages are conveyed from the vagal receptors to the CNS. The gut also contains 70 percent of immune cells, along with various chemicals and microbes.
Many inflammatory disorders have been linked to changes in the gut ecosystem, or microbiome (the 100 trillion bugs living on our skin, in our mouths, gut, and elsewhere on our bodies). Gut bacteria are essential to our immunity, aid digestion, support metabolism, and ward off harmful invaders. Stress, pollution, and processed food can upset the bacterial balance, causing the immune system to release chemicals that trigger inflammation and can lead to disease. If communication is bidirectional, stress-related changes to the microbiome may affect brain function and behavior.
This raises the possibility that adding “good” bacteria could restore gut harmony and mental well-being. “A new class of probiotics could be used to address neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and perhaps even neurodegenerative disorders,” says Dr. Sarkis Mazmanian, a microbiologist at the California Institute of Technology.
Under The Influence Of Bugs
Everyone is born with a pristine gut. Colonization during birth and shortly afterward helps program one’s responses to stress, and may even influence a person’s behavior.
In a study published in The Journal of Physiology, Dr. Nobuyuki Sudo and colleagues at Kyushu University in Japan discovered that introducing bacteria to mice with a sterile gut altered brain chemistry and behavior. They found that germ-free mice were more anxious. Adding the probiotic Bifidobacterium to their gut flora had calming effects on the mice and lowered corticosterone (the stress hormone) levels.
In the following years, scientists uncovered further evidence of the interplay between the brain and gut. Mazmanian shifted his earlier focus from immunity to how intestinal bacteria interact with the brain. “Gut microbes were communicating with the nervous system and potentially with the brain itself,” he says. In a study published in the journal Cell, Mazmanian and neuroscientist Dr. Elaine Hsiao investigated behavior in mice that were bred to exhibit symptoms of autism. Altering bacterial composition reduced gut permeability and caused noticeably profound changes in the behavior of mice that were influenced by the microbiome.
At McMaster University in Ontario, the gastroenterologist Dr. Premysl Bercik found that harmful bacteria can increase anxiety while beneficial bacteria can reduce it. In a study published in Nature Communications, Bercik and colleagues replaced the gut bacteria in a timid strain of germ-free mice with microbes from fearless mice. Resultantly, the fearful mice were transformed into more adventurous creatures, while the bold mice grew anxious after getting microbes from the timid mice.
Yet, how the gut talks to the brain remains largely uncertain, according to research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Scientists at the University College Cork, Ireland, severed the vagus nerve in mice before giving them probiotics. The mice had lower anxiety levels — but only if the vagus nerve was intact. The results suggest its importance, but stop short of explaining how bacteria actually influences the brain.
